Despite billions of dollars that firms around the globe have invested in AI over the past few years, major returns remain to be seen: 90% of executives say AI efforts have yet to translate to productivity gains at their companies, according to an Atlanta Federal Reserve working paper. And an Ernst & Young survey published last month found that 36% of senior AI executives at companies with at least $1bn in annual revenue reported an AI incident that led to issues including data loss, financial damage, brand damage or operational disruptions.

Firms from Microsoft to McKinsey are limiting usage for employees, as the flood of new tools and rapacious consumption weighs on bottom lines. Others, such as Palantir, Booz Allen Hamilton and Nvidia, are restricting employee use over growing concerns about the security of their organizations’ data with AI companies, Reuters reported.

“We initially treated AI like a traditional technology rollout: deploy the tools, provide training, drive adoption,” Kathleen Hogan, Microsoft’s chief strategy and transformation officer, said in a recent blogpost about the company’s AI adoption journey. “We learned that access and usage do not equal transformation.”