The reason I asked that is 3.5” drives can’t operate from usb bus 5v like 2.5” ones can and you didnt specify.
Have you tried hot plugging the drive into the dock while it’s plugged into the computer? If the usb sata controller is slow on the uptake it might miss the relatively narrow chance to report to the pc what’s going on.
Don’t worry about damaging your drives doing that btw, it’s extremely unlikely that you have a disk whose firmware doesn’t support it and all sata ports support it electrically.
As an addendum: is the drive even good? Do you have a known functional disk to test with?
E: oh yeah, on the off chance that the disk is uninitialized get everything plugged up and do an lsblk to show the various block devices. Sometimes if I plug up a disk with no partition table or superblock or whatever gpt uses nothing happens but lsblk shows it and I can mess with it.



You can’t turn back the clock. Meaningful changes require a different social relationship between people and production.